%! %%BoundingBox: (atend) %%Pages: (atend) %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%EndComments % % FrameMaker PostScript Prolog 3.0, for use with FrameMaker 3.0 % Copyright (c) 1986,87,89,90,91 by Frame Technology Corporation. % All rights reserved. % % Known Problems: % Due to bugs in Transcript, the 'PS-Adobe-' is omitted from line 1 /FMversion (3.0) def % Set up Color vs. Black-and-White /FMPrintInColor systemdict /colorimage known systemdict /currentcolortransfer known or def % Uncomment this line to force b&w on color printer % /FMPrintInColor false def /FrameDict 195 dict def systemdict /errordict known not {/errordict 10 dict def errordict /rangecheck {stop} put} if % The readline in 23.0 doesn't recognize cr's as nl's on AppleTalk FrameDict /tmprangecheck errordict /rangecheck get put errordict /rangecheck {FrameDict /bug true put} put FrameDict /bug false put mark % Some PS machines read past the CR, so keep the following 3 lines together! currentfile 5 string readline 00 0000000000 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bind def /BEGINBITMAPGRAYc { 8 {} COMMONBITMAPc } bind def /BEGINBITMAP2BITc { 2 {} COMMONBITMAPc } bind def /COMMONBITMAPc { /r exch def /d exch def gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /lb w d wbytes def sl lb lt {lb ms} if /bitmapsave save def r /is im 0 lb getinterval def ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] {ip} image bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BEGINBITMAPBW { 1 {} COMMONBITMAP } bind def /BEGINBITMAPGRAY { 8 {} COMMONBITMAP } bind def /BEGINBITMAP2BIT { 2 {} COMMONBITMAP } bind def /COMMONBITMAP { /r exch def /d exch def gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /bitmapsave save def r /is w d wbytes string def /cf currentfile def w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] {cf is readhexstring pop} image bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /proc1 FMLOCAL /proc2 FMLOCAL /newproc FMLOCAL /Fmcc { /proc2 exch cvlit def /proc1 exch cvlit def /newproc proc1 length proc2 length add array def newproc 0 proc1 putinterval newproc proc1 length proc2 putinterval newproc cvx } bind def /ngrayt 256 array def /nredt 256 array def /nbluet 256 array def /ngreent 256 array def /gryt FMLOCAL /blut FMLOCAL /grnt FMLOCAL /redt FMLOCAL /indx FMLOCAL /cynu FMLOCAL /magu FMLOCAL /yelu FMLOCAL /k FMLOCAL /u FMLOCAL /colorsetup { currentcolortransfer /gryt exch def /blut exch def /grnt exch def /redt exch def 0 1 255 { /indx exch def /cynu 1 red indx get 255 div sub def /magu 1 green indx get 255 div sub def /yelu 1 blue indx get 255 div sub def /k cynu magu min yelu min def /u k currentundercolorremoval exec def nredt indx 1 0 cynu u sub max sub redt exec put ngreent indx 1 0 magu u sub max sub grnt exec put nbluet indx 1 0 yelu u sub max sub blut exec put ngrayt indx 1 k currentblackgeneration exec sub gryt exec put } for {255 mul cvi nredt exch get} {255 mul cvi ngreent exch get} {255 mul cvi nbluet exch get} {255 mul cvi ngrayt exch get} setcolortransfer {pop 0} setundercolorremoval {} setblackgeneration } bind def /tran FMLOCAL /fakecolorsetup { /tran 256 string def 0 1 255 {/indx exch def tran indx red indx get 77 mul green indx get 151 mul blue indx get 28 mul add add 256 idiv put} for currenttransfer {255 mul cvi tran exch get 255.0 div} exch Fmcc settransfer } bind def /BITMAPCOLOR { /d 8 def gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /bitmapsave save def colorsetup /is w d wbytes string def /cf currentfile def w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] {cf is readhexstring pop} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPCOLORc { /d 8 def gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /lb w d wbytes def sl lb lt {lb ms} if /bitmapsave save def colorsetup /is im 0 lb getinterval def ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] {ip} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPTRUECOLORc { gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /bitmapsave save def /is w string def ws 0 w getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def w h 8 [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] {ip} {gip} {bip} true 3 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPTRUECOLOR { gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /bitmapsave save def /is w string def /gis w string def /bis w string def /cf currentfile def w h 8 [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] { cf is readhexstring pop } { cf gis readhexstring pop } { cf bis readhexstring pop } true 3 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPTRUEGRAYc { gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /bitmapsave save def /is w string def ws 0 w getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def w h 8 [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] {ip gip bip w gray} image bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /ww FMLOCAL /r FMLOCAL /g FMLOCAL /b FMLOCAL /i FMLOCAL /gray { /ww exch def /b exch def /g exch def /r exch def 0 1 ww 1 sub { /i exch def r i get .299 mul g i get .587 mul b i get .114 mul add add r i 3 -1 roll floor cvi put } for r } bind def /BITMAPTRUEGRAY { gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /bitmapsave save def /is w string def /gis w string def /bis w string def /cf currentfile def w h 8 [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] { cf is readhexstring pop cf gis readhexstring pop cf bis readhexstring pop w gray} image bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPGRAY { 8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAP } bind def /BITMAPGRAYc { 8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAPc } bind def /ENDBITMAP { } bind def end /ALDsave FMLOCAL /ALDmatrix matrix def ALDmatrix currentmatrix pop /StartALD { /ALDsave save def savematrix ALDmatrix setmatrix } bind def /InALD { restorematrix } bind def /DoneALD { ALDsave restore } bind def %%EndProlog %%BeginSetup (3.0) FMVERSION 1 1 612 792 0 1 13 FMDOCUMENT 0 0 /Times-Bold FMFONTDEFINE 1 0 /Times-BoldItalic FMFONTDEFINE 2 0 /Times-Roman FMFONTDEFINE 3 0 /Times-Italic FMFONTDEFINE 32 FMFILLS 0 0 FMFILL 1 0.1 FMFILL 2 0.3 FMFILL 3 0.5 FMFILL 4 0.7 FMFILL 5 0.9 FMFILL 6 0.97 FMFILL 7 1 FMFILL 8 <0f1e3c78f0e1c387> FMFILL 9 <0f87c3e1f0783c1e> FMFILL 10 FMFILL 11 FMFILL 12 <8142241818244281> FMFILL 13 <03060c183060c081> FMFILL 14 <8040201008040201> FMFILL 16 1 FMFILL 17 0.9 FMFILL 18 0.7 FMFILL 19 0.5 FMFILL 20 0.3 FMFILL 21 0.1 FMFILL 22 0.03 FMFILL 23 0 FMFILL 24 FMFILL 25 FMFILL 26 <3333333333333333> FMFILL 27 <0000ffff0000ffff> FMFILL 28 <7ebddbe7e7dbbd7e> FMFILL 29 FMFILL 30 <7fbfdfeff7fbfdfe> FMFILL %%EndSetup %%Page: "1" 1 %%BeginPaperSize: Letter %%EndPaperSize 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 81 540 81 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 747 540 747 2 L 7 X V 3 H 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 342 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (6/29/93 11:05 pm macrakis@osf.org) 108 56.33 T 360 46.88 540 63 R 7 X V 0 X (\251 1993 OSF) 360 56.33 T (1 of 11) 511.69 56.33 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 1 24 Q 0 X -1.2 (Distributing software for multiple platforms:) 130.41 695 S -1.2 (V) 180.11 665 S -1.2 (irtual binary vs. multiple binary) 193.59 665 S 0 12 Q (Stavr) 278.97 578 T (os Macrakis) 306.73 578 T (Open Softwar) 254.47 546 T (e Foundation) 325.88 546 T (Resear) 277.31 530 T (ch Institute) 312.39 530 T (June 1993) 298.18 498 T 0 14 Q (Distinct application distributions for many) 180 415.67 T (platforms inconvenience softwar) 180 399.67 T (e vendors and) 374.06 399.67 T (users. W) 180 383.67 T (e discuss two ways of distributing a) 231.31 383.67 T (single version: virtual binaries \050ANDF\051 and) 180 367.67 T (multiple binaries \050CD-ROM\051.) 180 351.67 T 108 291.98 540 295 C 90 293.49 558 293.49 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 1 16 Q 0 X 0 K (1. Introduction) 108 300.33 T 2 14 Q (Most software is currently distributed as binary executables on diskettes or) 108 268.64 T (cartridge tapes. A separate diskette or tape set must be produced and) 108 252.64 T (distributed for each hardware/software platform.) 108 236.64 T (Three innovations promise to change software distribution practices:) 108 208.64 T 2 13 Q (\245) 122.4 185.31 T (The architecture-neutral distribution format \050ANDF\051, with its portability) 136.8 185.31 T (across platforms;) 136.8 170.31 T (\245) 122.4 147.31 T (The compact disk \050CD-ROM\051, with its high storage capacity; and) 136.8 147.31 T (\245) 122.4 124.31 T (The widespread use of networks.) 136.8 124.31 T 2 14 Q (This paper discusses their impact on software distribution.) 108 96.64 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "1" 2 %%Page: "2" 2 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (Virtual binary vs. multiple binary) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (Innovations r) 108 736.84 T (elevant to softwar) 153.84 736.84 T (e distribution) 214.53 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (2 of 11) 511.69 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 108 691.98 540 695 C 90 693.49 558 693.49 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 1 16 Q 0 X 0 K (2. Innovations relevant to software distribution) 108 700.33 T 0 14 Q (ANDF: virtual binary) 108 656.64 T 2 F (The architecture-neutral distribution format \050ANDF\051 is a virtual binary) 108 627.64 T (format that allows software to be distributed in a single non-human-readable) 108 611.64 T (form and installed on any platform supporting the relevant interfaces.) 108 595.64 T 2 11 Q (1) 496.61 601.24 T 2 14 Q (ANDF supports install-time conditionalization and parameterization, and so) 108 567.64 T (allows applications to bene\336t from platform-speci\336c features and work) 108 551.64 T (around platform-speci\336c de\336ciencies.) 108 535.64 T (ANDF thus eliminates the need for distributing a dif) 108 507.64 T (ferent binary for each) 400.79 507.64 T (platform.) 108 491.64 T 0 F (Compact disks and drives: cheap media) 108 451.64 T 2 F (Compact disks \050CD\051 are a read-only digital medium, best known for audio) 108 422.64 T (recordings \050CD-DA format\051. They can record approximately 650Mbytes of) 108 406.64 T (data \050about an hour of music\051.) 108 390.64 T (Compact disks are reproduced by stamping, so the unit cost of duplication is) 108 362.64 T -0.17 (very low \050around $2\051. The initial cost of a master is moderate \050$1000\051. There) 108 346.64 P (are also write-once CD disks and recorders at somewhat higher prices) 108 330.64 T (\050projected as $10/$3,000\051.) 108 314.64 T (Their low unit cost and high storage capacity makes CDs a natural medium) 108 286.64 T (for distributing databases \050CD-ROM\051. Many commercial bibliographic and) 108 270.64 T (full-text databases are now distributed on CD\325) 108 254.64 T (s. Other CD formats are) 366.05 254.64 T -0.49 (designed speci\336cally for consumer multimedia products \050CD-I for interactive) 108 238.64 P (multimedia, Photo CD for still photographs,) 108 222.64 T 3 F (etc.) 358.32 222.64 T 2 F (\051.) 378.14 222.64 T -0.04 (CD drives are cheap because the drive itself is essentially identical across all) 108 194.64 P -0.42 (these application areas. W) 108 178.64 P -0.42 (ith these economies of scale, drives now cost under) 253.07 178.64 P ($300 discounted, and may soon go under $150.) 108 162.64 T 108 105 540 125.09 C 108 112.99 239.98 112.99 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 2 11 Q 0 X 0 K (1. More information is available in the OSF Research Institute\325) 108 97.67 T (s) 387.82 97.67 T 3 12 Q (Collected Papers on ANDF) 394.84 97.67 T 2 11 Q (.) 526.21 97.67 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "2" 3 %%Page: "3" 3 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (Virtual binary vs. multiple binary) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (Characteristics of softwar) 108 736.84 T (e distribution) 196.22 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (3 of 11) 511.69 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 0 14 Q 0 X (Networks: ubiquitous and \337exible) 108 701.67 T 2 F (Software can also be distributed through networks. Many end users have) 108 672.67 T (internal networks, and increasing numbers are connected to external) 108 656.67 T (networks.) 108 640.67 T (On internal networks, it suf) 108 612.67 T (\336ces to have a single archive of all necessary) 261.26 612.67 T -0.52 (pieces of software, which can then be distributed on demand to internal users.) 108 596.67 P (For that matter) 108 580.67 T (, software need not even be \322distributed\323 and \322installed\323 on) 190.61 580.67 T (multiple users\325 computers; instead, it can simply be run on demand on their) 108 564.67 T (machines.) 108 548.67 T (W) 108 520.67 T (ith external networks, this archive can reside at the software vendor) 120.65 520.67 T (\325) 499.25 520.67 T (s site.) 503.14 520.67 T (Not only does this allow distributing completely updated versions at all) 108 504.67 T (times, it also makes it easy to provide added-value packages such as) 108 488.67 T (spreadsheet templates.) 108 472.67 T 108 412.98 540 416 C 90 414.49 558 414.49 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 1 16 Q 0 X 0 K (3. Characteristics of software distribution) 108 421.33 T 0 14 Q (Distributions ar) 108 377.64 T (e bulky) 202.98 377.64 T 2 F -0.58 (Software distributions are becoming increasingly bulky) 108 348.64 P -0.58 (. Not only are binaries) 414.68 348.64 P (getting lar) 108 332.64 T (ger) 164.88 332.64 T (, but lar) 182.19 332.64 T (ger amounts of ancillary data are delivered with) 225.07 332.64 T (applications.) 108 316.64 T -0.61 (A complete software package includes, in addition to the executables, various) 108 288.64 P -0.29 (data \336les and examples, and often on-line documentation, databases, and clip) 108 272.64 P (art, which are often much lar) 108 256.64 T (ger than the executables.) 269.39 256.64 T (Thus, diskettes have become a clumsy distribution medium for both system) 108 228.64 T (and application software.) 108 212.64 T 0 F (Binary executables vary by platform) 108 172.64 T 2 F (Binary executables vary by software and hardware platform. A binary built) 108 143.64 T (for OS/2 on a 386 will not run under SCO Unix on a 386. For that matter) 108 127.64 T (,) 515.92 127.64 T (even source code written to a standard source interface \050API\051 may compile) 108 111.64 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "3" 4 %%Page: "4" 4 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (Virtual binary vs. multiple binary) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (Characteristics of softwar) 108 736.84 T (e distribution) 196.22 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (4 of 11) 511.69 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 2 14 Q 0 X (into dif) 108 701.67 T (ferent binaries for the same processor) 148.56 701.67 T (, if the implementations do not) 358.21 701.67 T (conform to a standard binary interface \050ABI\051.) 108 685.67 T 0 F (Multiplatform development is expensive) 108 645.67 T 2 F (Developing software for each API and ABI is expensive and unreliable.) 108 616.67 T 0 F (Users want platform independence) 108 576.67 T 2 F -0.04 (Users would like to buy software independently from hardware. They do not) 108 547.67 P (want their choices restricted to the platforms the software vendor considered) 108 531.67 T -0.09 (important when the software was written, and they want to be able to change) 108 515.67 P (their hardware base independently of their software base.) 108 499.67 T 0 F (Platforms evolve) 108 459.67 T 2 F (Both software and hardware platforms are enhanced over time: new) 108 430.67 T (interfaces are added to APIs; new instructions and new optimizations are) 108 414.67 T (added to processors. Software that does not take advantage of these) 108 398.67 T (enhancements is at a competitive disadvantage compared to software that) 108 382.67 T (does.) 108 366.67 T 0 F (Softwar) 108 326.67 T (e evolves) 155.15 326.67 T 2 F (Over time, software packages are updated, corrected, and enhanced.) 108 297.67 T 0 F (Softwar) 108 257.67 T (e is easy to copy) 155.15 257.67 T 2 F (Since software is just binary data, it is easy to copy) 108 228.67 T (. Thus, trying to restrict) 393.51 228.67 T (physical copying is no substitute for license management.) 108 212.67 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "4" 5 %%Page: "5" 5 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (Virtual binary vs. multiple binary) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (Uses of CD-ROM in softwar) 108 736.84 T (e distribution) 204.23 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (5 of 11) 511.69 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 108 691.98 540 695 C 90 693.49 558 693.49 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 1 16 Q 0 X 0 K (4. Uses of CD-ROM in software distribution) 108 700.33 T 0 14 Q (Solving existing pr) 108 656.64 T (oblems with CD-ROM) 218.93 656.64 T 2 F (The capacity of CD-ROM allows software vendors to distribute lar) 108 627.64 T (ge) 482.76 627.64 T (programs and lar) 108 611.64 T (ge amounts of ancillary data, such as documentation and) 202.56 611.64 T (databases. Some software is now distributed only on CD-ROM \050W) 108 595.64 T (indows) 482.08 595.64 T -0.13 (NT\051. CD-ROM also allows bundling of vast amounts of data at no additional) 108 579.64 P (cost \050) 108 563.64 T 3 F (cf.) 138.7 563.64 T 2 F ( Corel Draw) 152.3 563.64 T (, whose full libraries are only available on the CD-ROM) 220.55 563.64 T (distribution\051.) 108 547.64 T -0.08 (Its lar) 108 519.64 P -0.08 (ge capacity also allows CD-ROM to carry multiple binaries on a single) 139.92 519.64 P (disk, one binary executable per platform. This gives platform independence,) 108 503.64 T (but it is limited to those platforms considered important by the software) 108 487.64 T (vendor) 108 471.64 T (.) 146.09 471.64 T (Copying a lar) 108 443.64 T (ge program distributed on CD-ROM onto hard disk may be) 183.92 443.64 T -0.33 (uneconomical, because the disk space may cost more than the software itself.) 108 427.64 P (So there is an economic disincentive to piracy) 108 411.64 T (, as there was a disincentive to) 364.74 411.64 T (copying books in the days before the photocopier) 108 395.64 T (.) 383.54 395.64 T 0 F (Pr) 108 355.64 T (oblems not solved by CD-ROM) 122.51 355.64 T 2 F (Although the physical medium of CD-ROM is cheap, it is not ideal in itself) 108 326.64 T (for updates, corrections, and enhancements because of the associated) 108 310.64 T (transaction costs.) 108 294.64 T (Software distributed by CD-ROM cannot take advantage of processor) 108 266.64 T (enhancements, and will not run on new architectures.) 108 250.64 T (End users who have bought multiple binaries on CD-ROM have no way of) 108 222.64 T (moving applications to other platforms which were not covered by the) 108 206.64 T (distribution.) 108 190.64 T (CD-ROM does not solve license management. However) 108 162.64 T (, for applications) 422.6 162.64 T (which are either very lar) 108 146.64 T (ge themselves or which have lar) 244.51 146.64 T (ge bundled) 424.17 146.64 T (databases, it mitigates the problem since it is a cheaper way to store lar) 108 130.64 T (ge) 504.91 130.64 T (amounts of random-access data than any competitive solution.) 108 114.64 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "5" 6 %%Page: "6" 6 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (Virtual binary vs. multiple binary) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (Uses of ANDF in softwar) 108 736.84 T (e distribution) 192.68 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (6 of 11) 511.69 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 2 14 Q 0 X (Given the size of some software distributions, CD-ROMs are not lar) 108 701.67 T (ge) 489.77 701.67 T (enough to hold multiple copies for multiple platforms. The full Oracle) 108 685.67 T -0.44 (distribution, for instance, takes roughly a full CD-ROM for a single platform.) 108 669.67 P (But few applications are that big.) 108 653.67 T (Even so, CD-ROM capacity is not in\336nite.) 108 625.67 T 0 F (New applications of CD-ROM) 108 585.67 T 2 F (The capacity and cheapness of CD-ROM also allow vendors to distribute) 108 556.67 T (multiple programs on a single disk at no extra cost. Some of the ancillary) 108 540.67 T (\324data\325 may in fact be other programs, such as demonstrations.) 108 524.67 T (Another possibility for software distribution with CD-ROM is the) 108 496.67 T (\322magazine\323 model, where each issue contains articles, demonstrations, and) 108 480.67 T -0.34 (programs. The programs would be distributed in encrypted form, and only be) 108 464.67 P (runnable with the use of a decryption key) 108 448.67 T (.) 339.08 448.67 T (The magazine model has some intriguing characteristics. If magazines are) 108 420.67 T (or) 108 404.67 T (ganized by platform, not by software category) 119.4 404.67 T (, they do not need to solve) 376.9 404.67 T -0.6 (the multiple binary problem. Software updates are easy) 108 388.67 P -0.6 (, especially if software) 412.23 388.67 P (is distributed in modules \050.o or .j\051 rather than executables \050.out\051.) 108 372.67 T -0.19 (On the other hand, magazines do not solve the platform evolution problem at) 108 344.67 P (all.) 108 328.67 T 108 268.98 540 272 C 90 270.49 558 270.49 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 1 16 Q 0 X 0 K (5. Uses of ANDF in software distribution) 108 277.33 T 0 14 Q (Solving existing pr) 108 233.64 T (oblems with ANDF) 218.93 233.64 T 2 F (ANDF solves the multiple binary problem by providing a single virtual) 108 204.64 T (binary which can be installed on any conforming platform.) 108 188.64 T (It thus also solves the problem of platform evolution. Not only can it be) 108 160.64 T (installed on completely new platforms, it can also be reinstalled to take) 108 144.64 T (advantage of upgrades.) 108 128.64 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "6" 7 %%Page: "7" 7 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (Virtual binary vs. multiple binary) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (Uses of networks in softwar) 108 736.84 T (e distribution) 202.01 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (7 of 11) 511.69 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 2 14 Q 0 X (ANDF\325) 108 701.67 T (s strongest contribution is to insuring application portability) 149.98 701.67 T (. It can) 484.51 701.67 T (statically check interfaces and interface uses, so that programs can be truly) 108 685.67 T (portable. This makes multiplatform development cheaper and more reliable.) 108 669.67 T (ANDF solves the problem of platform independence, allowing end users to) 108 641.67 T (procure software and hardware completely independently) 108 625.67 T (, and to update one) 429.21 625.67 T (or the other at their convenience.) 108 609.67 T 0 F (Pr) 108 569.67 T (oblems not solved by ANDF) 122.51 569.67 T 2 F (ANDF does not contribute to database distribution, software evolution) 108 540.67 T (\050except that only a single virtual binary need be distributed\051, or license) 108 524.67 T (management.) 108 508.67 T 0 F (New applications of ANDF) 108 468.67 T 2 F (ANDF provides a way to send programs to other computers, which may) 108 439.67 T (function \050for instance\051 as proxies.) 108 423.67 T (ANDF makes it far easier for vendors to supply modules or packages which) 108 395.67 T (are linked with other vendors\325 packages before execution.) 108 379.67 T 0 F (Open issues for ANDF) 108 339.67 T 2 F -0.19 (ANDF has not yet solved the data portability problem \050but then, neither have) 108 310.67 P (any of its rivals\051.) 108 294.67 T (ANDF is not a widely-known or widely-used technology) 108 266.67 T (.) 426.16 266.67 T 108 206.98 540 210 C 90 208.49 558 208.49 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 1 16 Q 0 X 0 K (6. Uses of networks in software distribution) 108 215.33 T 0 14 Q (Solving existing pr) 108 171.64 T (oblems with networks) 218.93 171.64 T 2 F (Networks solve distribution bulkiness by distributing on demand. Much of a) 108 142.64 T (distribution is never actually used by any particular user) 108 126.64 T (.) 421.23 126.64 T (Networks can easily provide multiple binary versions on demand.) 108 98.64 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "7" 8 %%Page: "8" 8 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (Virtual binary vs. multiple binary) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (Uses of networks in softwar) 108 736.84 T (e distribution) 202.01 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (8 of 11) 511.69 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 2 14 Q 0 X (Networks can contribute to software and platform evolution by providing a) 108 701.67 T (low-cost, fast turnaround way of distributing updates.) 108 685.67 T -0.19 (Networks can contribute to license management by providing license servers.) 108 657.67 P 0 F (Pr) 108 617.67 T (oblems not solved by networks) 122.51 617.67 T 2 F (Networks do not check portability) 108 588.67 T (, so multiplatform development must) 298.3 588.67 T (continue as it is done today) 108 572.67 T (. The software vendor or distributor must still) 259.83 572.67 T (keep track of multiple binaries.) 108 556.67 T (Users remain at the mercy of the software provider for platform) 108 528.67 T (independence. Some vendors may have a policy of keeping all platforms\325) 108 512.67 T (versions up to date, others may declare some platforms obsolete or) 108 496.67 T -0.28 (unsupported. Some vendors may have liberal \322trade-in\323 policies which allow) 108 480.67 P (exchanging software for one platform for software for another) 108 464.67 T (. Although) 455.37 464.67 T (networking technology makes it possible to implement such policies, it does) 108 448.67 T (not support them directly) 108 432.67 T (.) 248.18 432.67 T 0 F (New applications of networks) 108 392.67 T 2 F (Networks should allow more \337exible pricing for software products, by) 108 363.67 T (allowing machine-mediated char) 108 347.67 T (ging. For instance, users might be char) 291.16 347.67 T (ged) 507.76 347.67 T (by the \322level\323 of feature they use, or by their actual time of usage. The) 108 331.67 T -0.35 (architect who uses a CAD package 20 hours a week might be willing to pay a) 108 315.67 P (\337at fee of $1000, whereas the amateur woodworker might want to use the) 108 299.67 T (same package at a low per) 108 283.67 T (-hour rate of $2.) 254.98 283.67 T (Networks also allow access to vendors\325 resources, such as lar) 108 255.67 T (ge databases,) 451.24 255.67 T (which need not be distributed) 108 239.67 T 3 F (in toto) 277.05 239.67 T 2 F ( with the software.) 313.21 239.67 T 0 F (Open issues for networks) 108 199.67 T 2 F (Although many institutions are currently connected to outside networks,) 108 170.67 T (existing networks are not universal enough to support full network) 108 154.67 T (distribution. Also, security issues are not completely resolved, so many) 108 138.67 T (companies maintain strict barriers between internal and external networks.) 108 122.67 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "8" 9 %%Page: "9" 9 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (Virtual binary vs. multiple binary) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (Complementarity of innovations) 108 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (9 of 11) 511.69 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 108 691.98 540 695 C 90 693.49 558 693.49 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 1 16 Q 0 X 0 K (7. Complementarity of innovations) 108 700.33 T 2 14 Q (Each of these technologies can contribute to software distribution.) 108 668.64 T (The following table summarizes the discussion.) 108 640.64 T 108 310.95 540 313.98 C 90 312.46 558 312.46 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 1 16 Q 0 X 0 K (8. Orthogonal areas) 108 319.31 T 2 14 Q (In certain areas, all three of these technologies need to be combined with) 108 287.62 T (other technologies to be fully useful. In particular) 108 271.62 T (, none of them solve) 384.91 271.62 T (licensing in themselves. Partial delivery is possible using all three) 108 255.62 T (technologies, but only networks support it directly; the others can support it) 108 239.62 T (through encryption.) 108 223.62 T 0 F (Licensing models ar) 108 183.62 T (e important) 227.47 183.62 T 2 F (In the PC market, traditionally) 108 154.62 T (, a single physical package corresponds to a) 277.71 154.62 T (single license. CD-ROMs can also be licensed this way) 108 138.62 T (. Network) 416.82 138.62 T (distributions cannot; they need some separate license administration) 108 122.62 T (mechanism, such as a license server) 108 106.62 T (.) 308.51 106.62 T 0 12 Q (T) 191.89 615.98 T (able 1: Contributions to Distribution Pr) 198.78 615.98 T (oblems) 402.13 615.98 T 2 F (Problem) 150.68 570.98 T (Contribution of:) 339.18 583.98 T (ANDF) 265.68 557.98 T (CD-ROM) 354.01 557.98 T (Networks) 450.68 557.98 T (Bulky distributions) 114 533.98 T (V) 248.55 533.98 T (irtual binary) 256.49 533.98 T (Lots of space) 346.02 533.98 T (On demand) 446.19 533.98 T (Non-standard binaries) 114 511.98 T (V) 248.55 511.98 T (irtual binary) 256.49 511.98 T (Multiple binaries) 336.86 511.98 T (On demand) 446.19 511.98 T (Multiplatform dev\325) 114 489.98 T (t) 206.06 489.98 T (Multiplatform) 248.02 489.98 T (compiler) 260.68 475.98 T (Platform independence) 114 453.98 T (V) 248.55 453.98 T (irtual binary) 256.49 453.98 T (partial solution) 341.85 453.98 T (potential solution) 432.18 453.98 T (Platform evolution) 114 431.98 T (V) 248.55 431.98 T (irtual binary) 256.49 431.98 T (On demand) 446.19 431.98 T (Software evolution) 114 409.98 T (partial solution) 245.85 409.98 T (\050modules\051) 257.68 395.98 T (Magazine) 354.36 409.98 T (distribution) 350.34 395.98 T (On demand/) 444.52 409.98 T (Broadcast) 450.02 395.98 T (Licensing) 114 373.98 T (Interaction) 448.02 373.98 T 108 599.73 108 366.23 2 L V 0.5 H 0 Z N 232.75 599.73 232.75 366.23 2 L V N 235.25 599.73 235.25 366.23 2 L V N 330 574.23 330 365.73 2 L V N 426 574.23 426 365.73 2 L V N 522 599.73 522 366.23 2 L V N 107.75 599.98 522.25 599.98 2 L V N 235.5 573.98 522.25 573.98 2 L V N 108.25 549.23 521.75 549.23 2 L V N 108.25 546.73 521.75 546.73 2 L V N 107.75 525.98 522.25 525.98 2 L V N 107.75 503.98 522.25 503.98 2 L V N 107.75 467.98 522.25 467.98 2 L V N 107.75 445.98 522.25 445.98 2 L V N 107.75 423.98 522.25 423.98 2 L V N 107.75 387.98 522.25 387.98 2 L V N 107.75 365.98 522.25 365.98 2 L V N FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "9" 10 %%Page: "10" 10 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (Virtual binary vs. multiple binary) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (Conclusion) 108 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (10 of 11) 506.69 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 0 14 Q 0 X (Encryption allows partial deliveries) 108 701.67 T 2 F (For CD-ROMs, another possibility is encrypted software. Although the user) 108 672.67 T (would take physical possession of the software, it would not be operable) 108 656.67 T (without a decryption key) 108 640.67 T (, provided only upon payment. Multiple packages,) 246.61 640.67 T (or optional enhancements, could be provided on a disk. Thus a vendor of) 108 624.67 T (spreadsheet software could include a demo version of his presentation) 108 608.67 T (software, which would become fully operative only with the use of a key) 108 592.67 T (, at) 515.51 592.67 T (added cost.) 108 576.67 T -0.33 (Encryption also makes it possible to deliver multiple software packages from) 108 548.67 P (dif) 108 532.67 T (ferent vendors on a single disk. Since CD\325) 123.29 532.67 T (s are cheap to reproduce,) 359.58 532.67 T (software could be assembled into monthly magazines. Editorial content) 108 516.67 T (would be delivered in plaintext, advertisers could include demo versions of) 108 500.67 T (software, and the full version of the software might be available using just a) 108 484.67 T (decryption key) 108 468.67 T (.) 190.64 468.67 T (Under this model, dif) 108 440.67 T (ferent editions of a magazine could be addressed to) 227.45 440.67 T -0.53 (dif) 108 424.67 P -0.53 (ferent platforms, as paper magazines are today) 123.29 424.67 P -0.53 (. Not only new software, but) 379.94 424.67 P -0.54 (also enhancements and added-value \336les could be included on such magazine) 108 408.67 P (distributions. Since each edition would be addressed to a distinct platform,) 108 392.67 T (portability would not be an issue.) 108 376.67 T 108 316.98 540 320 C 90 318.49 558 318.49 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 1 16 Q 0 X 0 K (9. Conclusion) 108 325.33 T 2 14 Q -0.47 (Software distribution practices will be certainly be changed by CD-ROM and) 108 293.64 P (networks; and potentially by ANDF if it is adopted by the industry) 108 277.64 T (.) 479.82 277.64 T 2 13 Q (\245) 122.4 254.31 T (ANDF of) 136.8 254.31 T (fers easy multiplatform development and distribution to software) 185.98 254.31 T (vendors, platform \337exibility to end users, and architectural freedom to) 136.8 239.31 T (hardware vendors.) 136.8 224.31 T (\245) 122.4 201.31 T (CD-ROM of) 136.8 201.31 T (fers a convenient physical medium for lar) 202.57 201.31 T (ge distributions, and) 418.71 201.31 T (will perhaps be the medium for magazine-type distribution.) 136.8 186.31 T (\245) 122.4 163.31 T (Networks of) 136.8 163.31 T (fer an interactive model of software distribution with) 201.12 163.31 T (tremendous potential.) 136.8 148.31 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "10" 11 %%Page: "11" 11 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (Virtual binary vs. multiple binary) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (Conclusion) 108 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (11 of 11) 506.69 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 2 14 Q 0 X (In a world of a small, \336xed number of hardware platforms, ANDF and CD-) 108 701.67 T (ROM are competitive technologies. In a world of a lar) 108 685.67 T (ge and dynamic) 411.63 685.67 T (universe of hardware platforms, ANDF and CD-ROM are complementary) 108 669.67 T (.) 521.71 669.67 T (CD-ROM and networks are competitive technologies to the extent that user) 108 641.67 T (populations have access to either one. Although CD-ROMs are becoming) 108 625.67 T (very common, full network access remains limited. Network distribution) 108 609.67 T (within corporations is very promising, especially with license management) 108 593.67 T (software such as that found in OSF\325) 108 577.67 T (s DME. For that matter) 308.54 577.67 T (, central servers) 438.18 577.67 T -0.3 (may well use CD-ROMs as the repository of software distributed by network.) 108 561.67 P (Similarly) 108 533.67 T (, repositories of software may choose to hold ANDF rather than) 159.18 533.67 T (binary) 108 517.67 T (. This simpli\336es their data management problem, and guarantees the) 142.84 517.67 T (future value of their investment in software.) 108 501.67 T (Software developers may choose to use ANDF technology for its portability) 108 473.67 T (characteristics regardless of whether actual distributions use the ANDF) 108 457.67 T (format.) 108 441.67 T -0.31 (ANDF) 108 413.67 P -0.31 (, CD-ROM, and networks are thus complementary technologies today) 144.97 413.67 P -0.31 (.) 533.31 413.67 P (CD-ROM is likely to fade if network access becomes universal and cheap.) 108 397.67 T (The need for ANDF will fade if a small number of hardware designs) 108 381.67 T (dominate the marketplace for a long period of time.) 108 365.67 T -0.19 (Users would be served best if the pace of hardware innovation continues, but) 108 337.67 P (ANDF is needed if diverse hardware is to remain practical. Whether ANDF) 108 321.67 T (is broadly adopted in the industry remains to be seen.) 108 305.67 T 108 90 540 711 C 108 90 540 216 C 108 90 540 207 R 7 X 0 K V 2 10 Q 0 X (Copyright 1993 by Open Software Foundation, Inc.) 108 200.33 T (All Rights Reserved) 108 178.33 T -0.19 (Permission to reproduce this document without fee is hereby granted, provided that the copyright notice and) 108 156.33 P -0.08 (this permission notice appear in all copies or derivative works. OSF MAKES NO W) 108 144.33 P -0.08 (ARRRANTY OF ANY) 443.36 144.33 P (KIND WITH REGARD T) 108 132.33 T (O THIS MA) 213.57 132.33 T (TERIAL, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED T) 262.98 132.33 T (O, THE IMPLIED) 459.05 132.33 T -0.04 (W) 108 120.33 P -0.04 (ARRANTIES OF MERCHANT) 116.32 120.33 P -0.04 (ABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A P) 245.37 120.33 P -0.04 (AR) 390 120.33 P -0.04 (TICULAR PURPOSE. OSF shall) 403.28 120.33 P (not be liable for errors contained herein or for any direct or indirect, incidental, special or consequential) 108 108.33 T (damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.) 108 96.33 T 108 90 540 711 C 0 0 612 792 C FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "11" 12 %%Trailer %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%Pages: 11 1 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Bold %%+ Times-BoldItalic %%+ Times-Roman %%+ Times-Italic