%! %%BoundingBox: (atend) %%Pages: (atend) %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%EndComments % % FrameMaker PostScript Prolog 3.0, for use with FrameMaker 3.0 % Copyright (c) 1986,87,89,90,91 by Frame Technology Corporation. % All rights reserved. % % Known Problems: % Due to bugs in Transcript, the 'PS-Adobe-' is omitted from line 1 /FMversion (3.0) def % Set up Color vs. Black-and-White /FMPrintInColor systemdict /colorimage known systemdict /currentcolortransfer known or def % Uncomment this line to force b&w on color printer % /FMPrintInColor false def /FrameDict 195 dict def systemdict /errordict known not {/errordict 10 dict def errordict /rangecheck {stop} put} if % The readline in 23.0 doesn't recognize cr's as nl's on AppleTalk FrameDict /tmprangecheck errordict /rangecheck get put errordict /rangecheck {FrameDict /bug true put} put FrameDict /bug false put mark % Some PS machines read past the CR, so keep the following 3 lines together! currentfile 5 string readline 00 0000000000 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newproc proc1 length proc2 putinterval newproc cvx } bind def /ngrayt 256 array def /nredt 256 array def /nbluet 256 array def /ngreent 256 array def /gryt FMLOCAL /blut FMLOCAL /grnt FMLOCAL /redt FMLOCAL /indx FMLOCAL /cynu FMLOCAL /magu FMLOCAL /yelu FMLOCAL /k FMLOCAL /u FMLOCAL /colorsetup { currentcolortransfer /gryt exch def /blut exch def /grnt exch def /redt exch def 0 1 255 { /indx exch def /cynu 1 red indx get 255 div sub def /magu 1 green indx get 255 div sub def /yelu 1 blue indx get 255 div sub def /k cynu magu min yelu min def /u k currentundercolorremoval exec def nredt indx 1 0 cynu u sub max sub redt exec put ngreent indx 1 0 magu u sub max sub grnt exec put nbluet indx 1 0 yelu u sub max sub blut exec put ngrayt indx 1 k currentblackgeneration exec sub gryt exec put } for {255 mul cvi nredt exch get} {255 mul cvi ngreent exch get} {255 mul cvi nbluet exch get} {255 mul cvi ngrayt exch get} setcolortransfer {pop 0} setundercolorremoval {} setblackgeneration } bind def /tran FMLOCAL /fakecolorsetup { /tran 256 string def 0 1 255 {/indx exch def tran indx red indx get 77 mul green indx get 151 mul blue indx get 28 mul add add 256 idiv put} for currenttransfer {255 mul cvi tran exch get 255.0 div} exch Fmcc settransfer } bind def /BITMAPCOLOR { /d 8 def gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /bitmapsave save def colorsetup /is w d wbytes string def /cf currentfile def w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] {cf is readhexstring pop} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPCOLORc { /d 8 def gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /lb w d wbytes def sl lb lt {lb ms} if /bitmapsave save def colorsetup /is im 0 lb getinterval def ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] {ip} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPTRUECOLORc { gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /bitmapsave save def /is w string def ws 0 w getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def w h 8 [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] {ip} {gip} {bip} true 3 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPTRUECOLOR { gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /bitmapsave save def /is w string def /gis w string def /bis w string def /cf currentfile def w h 8 [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] { cf is readhexstring pop } { cf gis readhexstring pop } { cf bis readhexstring pop } true 3 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPTRUEGRAYc { gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /bitmapsave save def /is w string def ws 0 w getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def w h 8 [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] {ip gip bip w gray} image bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /ww FMLOCAL /r FMLOCAL /g FMLOCAL /b FMLOCAL /i FMLOCAL /gray { /ww exch def /b exch def /g exch def /r exch def 0 1 ww 1 sub { /i exch def r i get .299 mul g i get .587 mul b i get .114 mul add add r i 3 -1 roll floor cvi put } for r } bind def /BITMAPTRUEGRAY { gsave translate rotate scale /h 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ANDF tools can) 287.26 132.64 P (then check that the COSE interfaces are indeed consistent across platforms,) 108 116.64 T (and can check that applications are portable across platforms.) 108 100.64 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "1" 2 %%Page: "2" 2 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (ANDF for COSE) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (COSE interfaces in C ar) 108 736.84 T (e parameterized by implementation) 190.91 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (2 of 7) 516.68 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 108 691.98 540 695 C 90 693.49 558 693.49 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 1 16 Q 0 X 0 K (2. COSE interfaces in C are parameterized by implementation) 108 700.33 T 0 14 Q (COSE interfaces ar) 108 650.64 T (e speci\336ed as C de\336nitions) 224.33 650.64 T 2 F (COSE interfaces are currently documented in traditional Unix-style) 108 621.64 T 4 F -0.7 (man) 489.61 621.64 S 2 F -0.05 (pages. Functional interfaces are described with C prototypes, which may use) 108 605.64 P (C built-in types \050) 108 589.64 T 4 F -0.7 (int) 203.23 589.64 S 2 F (,) 226.32 589.64 T 4 F -0.7 (char) 233.31 589.64 S 2 F (, \311\051 or interface-speci\336c types. In the program) 263.54 589.64 T -0.54 (itself, the prototypes and interface-speci\336c types are de\336ned by) 108 573.64 P 4 F -1.19 -0.7 (include) 460.63 573.64 B 2 F -0.54 (\325ing) 514.5 573.64 P (a header \336le \050) 108 557.64 T 4 F -0.7 (.h) 184.54 557.64 S 2 F (\051 speci\336ed in the) 199.93 557.64 T 4 F -0.7 (man) 296.31 557.64 S 2 F ( page.) 319.39 557.64 T -0.2 (Header \336les de\336ne interface-speci\336c types in terms of built-in types and type) 108 529.64 P -0.31 (constructors, and functional interfaces in terms of the interface-speci\336c types.) 108 513.64 P 0 F (COSE\325) 108 467.64 T (s C header \336les ar) 150.24 467.64 T (e parameterized) 257.26 467.64 T 2 F (All implementations will probably use the same prototypes to de\336ne) 108 438.64 T (functional interfaces) 108 422.64 T 2 11 Q (1) 222.62 428.24 T 2 14 Q (. However) 228.12 422.64 T (, the interface-speci\336c types will vary) 285.84 422.64 T (. Thus) 495.54 422.64 T (there cannot be a standard set of COSE header \336les across all) 108 406.64 T -0.65 (implementations. Instead of having completely disjoint header \336les, however) 108 390.64 P -0.65 (,) 533.65 390.64 P (COSE proposes parameterized header \336les with appropriate compile-time) 108 374.64 T (conditionals \050) 108 358.64 T 4 F -0.7 (#ifdef) 184.57 358.64 S 2 F (s\051. In ef) 230.74 358.64 T (fect, each platform will have a somewhat) 273.61 358.64 T (dif) 108 342.64 T (ferent header \336le, parameterized by its characteristics.) 123.29 342.64 T -0.51 (The advantage of this approach is that these parameterized header \336les can be) 108 314.64 P (used with current compilers.) 108 298.64 T (However) 108 270.64 T (, they have several severe disadvantages.) 158.72 270.64 T 0 F (Parameterized header \336les cannot be validated for internal consistency) 108 224.64 T 2 F (Since the header \336les will be complicated, errors will be hard to \336nd, and) 108 195.64 T (maintaining them will be dif) 108 179.64 T (\336cult.) 267.11 179.64 T 108 117 540 137.09 C 108 124.99 239.98 124.99 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 2 11 Q 0 X 0 K -0.32 (1. Actually) 108 109.67 P -0.32 (, some functional interfaces may be de\336ned as macros on some implementations. Since) 158.21 109.67 P (macros and functions belong to dif) 118.8 97.67 T (ferent namespaces, this complicates matters.) 271.48 97.67 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "2" 3 %%Page: "3" 3 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (ANDF for COSE) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (COSE interfaces in C ar) 108 736.84 T (e parameterized by implementation) 190.91 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (3 of 7) 516.68 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 2 14 Q 0 X (Since the header \336les are parameterized by platform, tools cannot verify that) 108 701.67 T (they are consistent between platforms.) 108 685.67 T 0 F (Parameterized header \336les specify too much) 108 639.67 T 2 F (Since the header \336les can only use the C type system, certain aspects of type) 108 610.67 T (behavior have to be made explicit even the published speci\336cation leaves) 108 594.67 T -0.22 (them unde\336ned. Applications may take advantage of them \050with no checking) 108 578.67 P (possible\051 and be incompatible with some future implementation. The best) 108 562.67 T (possible check is against all possible parameterizations of the header \336le,) 108 546.67 T (which may not re\337ect all the implementation freedom de\336ned by the) 108 530.67 T (speci\336cation.) 108 514.67 T 0 F (Parameterized header \336les do not specify enough) 108 468.67 T 2 F -0.26 (Since the header \336les must de\336ne prototypes in terms of C types, they cannot) 108 439.67 P (specify what the desired semantics are, only one implementation of them.) 108 423.67 T (They do not re\337ect the full intent of the COSE speci\336cation.) 108 407.67 T 0 F (Parameterized header \336les do not support conformance checking) 108 361.67 T 2 F (The only way to assure that an application is portable to a given COSE) 108 332.67 T (platform is to compile it on that platform. An application would have to be) 108 316.67 T (compiled on every existing platform for conformance checking, and that) 108 300.67 T (would only check currently available platforms.) 108 284.67 T 0 F (Parameterized header \336les r) 108 238.67 T (estrict futur) 276.77 238.67 T (e development) 348.4 238.67 T 2 F (Since parameterized header \336les specify too much about existing) 108 209.67 T (implementations, not enough about the interface itself, and do not support) 108 193.67 T (conformance checking against the standard, they restrict future) 108 177.67 T (implementations to be like present implementations. T) 108 161.67 T (o validate an) 412.12 161.67 T (application against a future implementation of COSE would require) 108 145.67 T (compiling it on that implementation.) 108 129.67 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "3" 4 %%Page: "4" 4 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (ANDF for COSE) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (COSE interfaces in ANDF ar) 108 736.84 T (e constant acr) 207.35 736.84 T (oss implementations) 254.72 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (4 of 7) 516.68 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 1 16 Q 0 X (3. COSE interfaces in ANDF are constant across) 108 700.33 T 108 673.98 540 677 C 90 675.49 558 675.49 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 1 16 Q 0 X 0 K (implementations) 108 682.33 T 2 14 Q (Unlike C header \336les, ANDF header \336les specify the interface itself, and not) 108 650.64 T (one implementation of it.) 108 634.64 T 0 F (COSE interfaces can be speci\336ed as ANDF C de\336nitions) 108 588.64 T 2 F (Using ANDF) 108 559.64 T (, functional interfaces would continue to be speci\336ed by) 181.89 559.64 T (prototypes \050possibly in token syntax\051. T) 108 543.64 T (ypes, however) 330.11 543.64 T (, would be abstracted) 410.37 543.64 T (using ANDF mechanisms. Only the properties of a type speci\336ed by the) 108 527.64 T (COSE standard would be re\337ected in the header) 108 511.64 T (.) 376.53 511.64 T 0 F (COSE\325) 108 465.64 T (s ANDF C header \336les ar) 150.24 465.64 T (e implementation-independent) 299.61 465.64 T 2 F (All implementations would use identical header \336les, with no compile-time) 108 436.64 T (ces. T) 108 420.64 T (ypes are speci\336ed abstractly; macro and function implementations) 140.43 420.64 T (share the same abstract declaration.) 108 404.64 T -0.19 (Implementation-speci\336c bindings would be supplied at installation time. The) 108 376.64 P -0.06 (install-time headers would be identical to current platform-dependent header) 108 360.64 P (\336les.) 108 344.64 T 0 F (ANDF header \336les can be validated for internal consistency) 108 298.64 T 2 F (ANDF header \336les are identical across implementations, so the ANDF) 108 269.64 T (semantic analyzer can identify any internal inconsistencies or errors.) 108 253.64 T (Since ANDF header \336les are unparameterized, errors need only be corrected) 108 225.64 T (once for all platforms, and extending and maintaining them is easy) 108 209.64 T (.) 480.56 209.64 T 0 F (ANDF header \336les specify exactly enough) 108 163.64 T 2 F (ANDF header \336les specify exactly what the interface requires, no more, no) 108 134.64 T (less. Thus applications cannot depend, intentionally or unintentionally) 108 118.64 T (, onI) 500.02 118.64 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "4" 5 %%Page: "5" 5 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (ANDF for COSE) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (COSE interfaces in ANDF ar) 108 736.84 T (e constant acr) 207.35 736.84 T (oss implementations) 254.72 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (5 of 7) 516.68 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 2 14 Q 0 X (nonstandard features of their development environment. For instance,) 108 701.67 T (\322internal\323 structure \336elds simply do not exist in the ANDF header \336les.) 108 685.67 T 0 F (ANDF header \336les support conformance checking for implementations) 108 639.67 T 2 F (ANDF supports checking of platform-dependent header \336les against the) 108 610.67 T (platform-independent header \336les. Thus the conformance of tar) 108 594.67 T (get platforms) 462.13 594.67 T (to the COSE standard can be checked independently of particular) 108 578.67 T (applications.) 108 562.67 T 0 F (ANDF header \336les support conformance checking for applications) 108 516.67 T 2 F (ANDF supports checking of applications against platform-independent) 108 487.67 T -0.17 (header \336les. Thus the conformance of applications to the COSE standard can) 108 471.67 P (be checked independently of particular platforms.) 108 455.67 T 0 F (ANDF header \336les encourage futur) 108 409.67 T (e impr) 317.61 409.67 T (ovement) 356.6 409.67 T 2 F (Since ANDF header \336les separate the speci\336cation of the interface from its) 108 380.67 T (implementation, they are open to innovative implementations. Such) 108 364.67 T (innovations are not constrained to be among the alternatives re\337ected in the) 108 348.67 T (parameterized header \336les.) 108 332.67 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "5" 6 %%Page: "6" 6 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (ANDF for COSE) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (The next steps) 108 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (6 of 7) 516.68 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 108 691.98 540 695 C 90 693.49 558 693.49 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 1 16 Q 0 X 0 K (4. The next steps) 108 700.33 T 0 14 Q (COSE should choose between token syntax and tspec syntax) 108 650.64 T 2 F -0.12 (ANDF C currently of) 108 621.64 P -0.12 (fers a choice of two formalisms for interface de\336nition:) 227.47 621.64 P (the token syntax and associated) 108 605.64 T 4 F -0.7 (#pragma) 287.93 605.64 S 2 F ( extensions and the) 341.8 605.64 T 4 F -0.7 (tspec) 452.17 605.64 S 2 F ( syntax) 490.64 605.64 T (and tool.) 108 589.64 T -0.01 (The token syntax is stable, general, and well-validated. The current snapshot) 108 561.64 P (of ANDF uses it to specify all relevant API\325) 108 545.64 T (s:) 354.39 545.64 T 2 11 Q (ANSI) 367.22 545.64 T 2 14 Q (C,) 395.6 545.64 T 2 11 Q (POSIX) 411.93 545.64 T 2 14 Q (,) 443.67 545.64 T 2 11 Q (XPG/3) 450.66 545.64 T 2 14 Q (, System) 481.18 545.64 T (V) 108 529.64 T (.4. On the other hand, its syntax is somewhat clumsy) 116.3 529.64 T (, and in particular) 410.77 529.64 T (completely dif) 108 513.64 T (ferent from C syntax.) 188.97 513.64 T (The) 108 485.64 T 4 F -0.7 (tspec) 133.26 485.64 S 2 F ( syntax is more recent and less general, since it is designed) 171.73 485.64 T (speci\336cally for specifying traditional C interfaces. In most cases,) 108 469.64 T 4 F -0.7 (tspec) 474.46 469.64 S 2 F (syntax is identical to C syntax, thus making it easier to convert existing) 108 453.64 T (speci\336cations. Moreover) 108 437.64 T (, vanishingly few interfaces need the full generality) 245.78 437.64 T (of token syntax.) 108 421.64 T (Barring unforseen dif) 108 393.64 T (\336culties, tspec appears to be the appropriate formalism) 228.21 393.64 T (for COSE interface de\336nition.) 108 377.64 T 0 F (Real COSE interfaces should be translated into ANDF) 108 331.64 T 2 F (As of this writing, COSE header \336les have not been released.) 108 302.64 T (When they are released, it would be useful to check that they can be) 108 274.64 T (converted to ANDF header \336les.) 108 258.64 T (It would also be useful to have concrete examples of the dif) 108 230.64 T (ference between) 441.55 230.64 T (parameterized header \336les and platform-independent header \336les.) 108 214.64 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "6" 7 %%Page: "7" 7 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE 108 74.02 540 74.02 2 L 7 X 0 K V 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X N 108 750.02 540 750.02 2 L 7 X V 0 Z 0 X N 108 46.88 324 63 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (ANDF for COSE) 108 56.33 T 108 726.98 540 742.18 R 7 X V 0 8 Q 0 X (Conclusion: ANDF is the best way to specify COSE) 108 736.84 T 351 45 540 61.12 R 7 X V 0 10 Q 0 X (7 of 7) 516.68 54.45 T 108 90 540 711 R 7 X V 108 691.98 540 695 C 90 693.49 558 693.49 2 L 0.25 H 2 Z 0 X 0 K N 0 0 612 792 C 1 16 Q 0 X 0 K (5. Conclusion: ANDF is the best way to specify COSE) 108 700.33 T 2 14 Q (ANDF can specify COSE interfaces precisely and \337exibly) 108 668.64 T (.) 433.12 668.64 T (ANDF tools can check that platform-dependent header \336les conform to) 108 640.64 T (COSE.) 108 624.64 T (ANDF tools can check that applications conform to COSE interfaces.) 108 596.64 T -0.59 (The industry can only bene\336t from common interfaces if there are operational) 108 568.64 P (ways to validate correct use and implementation of these interfaces.) 108 552.64 T (ANDF is thus appropriate technology for specifying COSE interfaces.) 108 524.64 T 108 90 540 711 C 108 90 540 216 C 108 90 540 207 R 7 X 0 K V 2 10 Q 0 X (Copyright 1993 by Open Software Foundation, Inc.) 108 200.33 T (All Rights Reserved) 108 178.33 T -0.19 (Permission to reproduce this document without fee is hereby granted, provided that the copyright notice and) 108 156.33 P -0.08 (this permission notice appear in all copies or derivative works. OSF MAKES NO W) 108 144.33 P -0.08 (ARRRANTY OF ANY) 443.36 144.33 P (KIND WITH REGARD T) 108 132.33 T (O THIS MA) 213.57 132.33 T (TERIAL, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED T) 262.98 132.33 T (O, THE IMPLIED) 459.05 132.33 T -0.04 (W) 108 120.33 P -0.04 (ARRANTIES OF MERCHANT) 116.32 120.33 P -0.04 (ABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A P) 245.37 120.33 P -0.04 (AR) 390 120.33 P -0.04 (TICULAR PURPOSE. OSF shall) 403.28 120.33 P (not be liable for errors contained herein or for any direct or indirect, incidental, special or consequential) 108 108.33 T (damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.) 108 96.33 T 108 90 540 711 C 0 0 612 792 C FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "7" 8 %%Trailer %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%Pages: 7 1 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Bold %%+ Times-BoldItalic %%+ Times-Roman %%+ Times-Italic %%+ Courier